Legend:
Definition of Term
 Arranged
by Countries Field Listing
| Background: |
Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a
Soviet republic in 1925. It achieved its independence upon the
dissolution of the USSR in 1991. President NIYAZOV retains absolute
control over the country and opposition is not tolerated. Extensive
hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this underdeveloped
country if extraction and delivery projects can be worked out.
|
| Location: |
Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan
|
| Geographic
coordinates: |
40 00 N, 60 00 E |
| Map
references: |
Asia |
| Area: |
total: 488,100 sq km
water: 0 sq km
land: 488,100 sq km |
| Area
- comparative: |
slightly larger than California |
| Land
boundaries: |
total: 3,736 km
border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan
379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km |
| Coastline: |
0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km) |
| Maritime
claims: |
none (landlocked) |
| Climate: |
subtropical desert |
| Terrain: |
flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in
the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian
Sea in west |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m; note - Sarygamysh
Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that
fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya
(the lake has dropped as low as -110 m)
highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m |
| Natural
resources: |
petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt |
| Land
use: |
arable land: 3.47%
permanent crops: 0.14%
other: 96.39% (1998 est.) |
| Irrigated
land: |
18,000 sq km (1998 est.) |
| Natural
hazards: |
NA |
| Environment
- current issues: |
contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals,
pesticides; salination, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation
methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of
the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that
river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification |
| Environment
- international agreements: |
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|
| Geography
- note: |
landlocked; the western and central low-lying, desolate portions
of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which
occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau
|
| Population: |
4,688,963 (July 2002 est.) |
| Age
structure: |
0-14 years: 37.3% (male 895,536; female 853,301)
15-64 years: 58.6% (male 1,350,142; female 1,399,879)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 72,784; female 117,321) (2002
est.) |
| Population
growth rate: |
1.84% (2002 est.) |
| Birth
rate: |
28.27 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Death
rate: |
8.92 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Net
migration rate: |
-0.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Sex
ratio: |
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2002 est.) |
| Infant
mortality rate: |
73.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) |
| Life
expectancy at birth: |
total population: 61.1 years
female: 64.8 years (2002 est.)
male: 57.57 years |
| Total
fertility rate: |
3.54 children born/woman (2002 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- adult prevalence rate: |
0.01% (1999 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- people living with HIV/AIDS: |
less than 100 (1999 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- deaths: |
less than 100 (1999 est.) |
| Nationality: |
noun: Turkmen(s)
adjective: Turkmen |
| Ethnic
groups: |
Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazakh 2%, other 5.1% (1995)
|
| Religions: |
Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2% |
| Languages: |
Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% |
| Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 99%
female: 97% (1989 est.)
|
| Country
name: |
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Turkmenistan
local long form: none
former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
local short form: Turkmenistan |
| Government
type: |
republic |
| Capital: |
Ashgabat |
| Administrative
divisions: |
5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat),
Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dasoguz Welayaty, Labap Welayaty
(Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses) |
| Independence: |
27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) |
| National
holiday: |
Independence Day, 27 October (1991) |
| Constitution: |
adopted 18 May 1992 |
| Legal
system: |
based on civil law system |
| Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal |
| Executive
branch: |
chief of state: President and Chairman of the Cabinet
of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the
first direct presidential election occurred); note - the president
is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President and Chairman of the Cabinet
of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the
first direct presidential election occurred); note - the president
is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; election last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA); note
- President NIYAZOV was unanimously approved as president for
life by the Assembly on 28 December 1999); deputy chairmen of
the cabinet of ministers are appointed by the president
election results: Saparmurat NIYAZOV elected president
without opposition; percent of vote - Saparmurat NIYAZOV 99.5%
note: NIYAZOV's term in office was extended indefinitely
on 28 December 1999 by the Assembly (Majlis) during a session
of the People's Council (Halk Maslahaty) |
| Legislative
branch: |
under the 1992 constitution, there are two parliamentary bodies,
a unicameral People's Council or Halk Maslahaty (more than 100
seats, some of which are elected by popular vote and some of which
are appointed; meets infrequently) and a unicameral Assembly or
Majlis (50 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
five-year terms)
election results: Assembly - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - NA; note - all 50 elected officials preapproved
by President NIYAZOV; most are from the DPT
elections: People's Council - NA; Assembly - last held
12 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004) |
| Judicial
branch: |
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president) |
| Political
parties and leaders: |
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Saparmurat NIYAZOV]
note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial,
small opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries
|
| Political
pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
| International
organization participation: |
AsDB, CCC, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IBRD, ICAO,
ICRM, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO
(correspondent), ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer) |
| Diplomatic
representation in the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador Mered Bairamovich ORAZOV
FAX: [1] (202) 588-0697
telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500
chancery: 2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC
20008 |
| Diplomatic
representation from the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador Laura E. KENNEDY
embassy: 9 Pushkin Street, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 774000
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [9] (9312) 35-00-45
FAX: [9] (9312) 39-26-14 |
| Flag
description: |
green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing
five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs) stacked above
two crossed olive branches similar to the olive branches on the
UN flag; a white crescent moon and five white stars appear in
the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red
stripe
|
| Economy
- overview: |
Turkmenistan is largely desert country with intensive agriculture
in irrigated oases and huge gas (fifth largest reserves in the
world) and oil resources. One-half of its irrigated land is planted
in cotton, making it the world's tenth largest producer. Until
the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had experienced less economic disruption
than other former Soviet states because its economy received a
boost from higher prices for oil and gas and a sharp increase
in hard currency earnings. In 1994, Russia's refusal to export
Turkmen gas to hard currency markets and mounting debts of its
major customers in the former USSR for gas deliveries contributed
to a sharp fall in industrial production and caused the budget
to shift from a surplus to a slight deficit. With an authoritarian
ex-Communist regime in power and a tribally based social structure,
Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform,
hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient
economy. Privatization goals remain limited. In 1998-2001, Turkmenistan
has suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes
for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external
debt. At the same time, however, total exports have risen sharply
because of higher international oil and gas prices. Prospects
in the near future are discouraging because of widespread internal
poverty, the burden of foreign debt, and the unwillingness of
the government to adopt market-oriented reforms. However, Turkmenistan's
cooperation with the international community in transporting humanitarian
aid to Afghanistan may foreshadow a change in the atmosphere for
foreign investment, aid, and technological support. Turkmenistan's
economic statistics are state secrets, and GDP and other figures
are subject to wide margins of error. |
| GDP: |
purchasing power parity - $21.5 billion (2001 est.) |
| GDP
- real growth rate: |
10% (2001 est.) |
| GDP
- per capita: |
purchasing power parity - $4,700 (2001 est.) |
| GDP
- composition by sector: |
agriculture: 27%
industry: 45%
services: 28% (2000 est.) |
| Population
below poverty line: |
34% (2001 est.) |
| Household
income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 32% (1998) (1998) |
| Distribution
of family income - Gini index: |
41 (1998) |
| Inflation
rate (consumer prices): |
10% (2001 est.) |
| Labor
force: |
2.34 million (1996) (1996) |
| Labor
force - by occupation: |
agriculture 48%, industry 15%, services 37% (1998 est.) |
| Unemployment
rate: |
NA% |
| Budget: |
revenues: $588.6 million
expenditures: $658.2 million, including capital expenditures
of $NA (1999 est.) (1999 est.) |
| Industries: |
natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing
|
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
NA% |
| Electricity
- production: |
9.256 billion kWh (2000) |
| Electricity
- production by source: |
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
other: 0% (2000)
nuclear: 0% |
| Electricity
- consumption: |
7.708 billion kWh (2000) |
| Electricity
- exports: |
900 million kWh (2000) |
| Electricity
- imports: |
0 kWh (2000) |
| Agriculture
- products: |
cotton, grain; livestock |
| Exports: |
$2.7 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.) |
| Exports
- commodities: |
gas 33%, oil 30%, cotton fiber 18%, textiles 8% (1999) |
| Exports
- partners: |
Ukraine 27%, Iran 14%, Turkey 11%, Italy 9%, Switzerland 5% (1999)
|
| Imports: |
$2.3 billion c.i.f. (2001 est.) |
| Imports
- commodities: |
machinery and equipment 60%, foodstuffs 15% (1999) |
| Imports
- partners: |
Turkey 17%, Ukraine 12%, Russia 11%, UAE 8%, France 6% (1999)
|
| Debt
- external: |
$2.3 billion to $5 billion (2001 est.) |
| Economic
aid - recipient: |
$16 million from the US (2001) |
| Currency: |
Turkmen manat (TMM) |
| Currency
code: |
TMM |
| Exchange
rates: |
Turkmen manats per US dollar - 5,200 (January 2002-January 2000),
5,350 (January 1999), 4,070 (January 1997) |
| Fiscal
year: |
calendar year
|
| Railways: |
total: 2,440 km
broad gauge: 2,440 km 1.520-m gauge (2001) |
| Highways: |
total: 22,000 km
paved: 18,000 km (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced
roads)
unpaved: 4,000 km (these roads are made of unstabilized
earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1996) |
| Waterways: |
the Amu Darya is an important inland waterway for Turkmenistan
|
| Pipelines: |
crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km |
| Ports
and harbors: |
Turkmenbasy |
| Merchant
marine: |
total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,600 GRT/5,000
DWT
ships by type: petroleum tanker 1 (2002 est.) |
| Airports: |
76 (2001) |
| Airports
- with paved runways: |
total: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2002) |
| Airports
- with unpaved runways: |
total: 63
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 41 (2002)
|
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