Legend:
Definition of Term
 Arranged
by Countries Field Listing
| Background: |
The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled
with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west,
allowed for the the development of one of the world's great civilizations.
A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C. and a series of dynasties
ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty
fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by
the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced
Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled
for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks
took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest
by Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Following the completion
of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation
hub, but also fell heavily into debt. Ostensibly to protect its
investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882,
but nominal allegience to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914.
Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full
sovereignty following World War II. The completion of the Aswan
High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the
time-honored place of the Nile river in the agriculture and ecology
of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab
world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue
to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled
to ready the economy for the new millennium through economic reform
and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure.
|
| Location: |
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya
and the Gaza Strip |
| Geographic
coordinates: |
27 00 N, 30 00 E |
| Map
references: |
Africa |
| Area: |
total: 1,001,450 sq km
land: 995,450 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km |
| Area
- comparative: |
slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico |
| Land
boundaries: |
total: 2,665 km
border countries: Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 266 km, Libya
1,115 km, Sudan 1,273 km |
| Coastline: |
2,450 km |
| Maritime
claims: |
contiguous zone: 24 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM |
| Climate: |
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters |
| Terrain: |
vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest point: Qattara Depression -133 m
highest point: Mount Catherine 2,629 m |
| Natural
resources: |
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone,
gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc |
| Land
use: |
arable land: 2.85%
permanent crops: 0.47%
other: 96.68% (1998 est.) |
| Irrigated
land: |
33,000 sq km (1998 est.) |
| Natural
hazards: |
periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides;
hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms,
sandstorms |
| Environment
- current issues: |
agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands;
increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification;
oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats;
other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage,
and industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh water resources
away from the Nile which is the only perennial water source; rapid
growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources
|
| Environment
- international agreements: |
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber
94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
|
| Geography
- note: |
controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and
remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest
sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and
juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern
geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile
basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees
|
| Population: |
70,712,345 (July 2002 est.) |
| Age
structure: |
0-14 years: 33.96% (male 12,292,185; female 11,721,469)
15-64 years: 62.18% (male 22,190,637; female 21,775,504)
65 years and over: 3.86% (male 1,191,091; female 1,541,459)
(2002 est.) |
| Population
growth rate: |
1.66% (2002 est.) |
| Birth
rate: |
24.41 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Death
rate: |
7.58 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Net
migration rate: |
-0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Sex
ratio: |
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2002 est.) |
| Infant
mortality rate: |
58.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) |
| Life
expectancy at birth: |
total population: 64.05 years
female: 66.24 years (2002 est.)
male: 61.96 years |
| Total
fertility rate: |
2.99 children born/woman (2002 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- adult prevalence rate: |
0.02% (1999 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- people living with HIV/AIDS: |
NA |
| HIV/AIDS
- deaths: |
NA |
| Nationality: |
noun: Egyptian(s)
adjective: Egyptian |
| Ethnic
groups: |
Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%,
Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and
French) 1% |
| Religions: |
Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%, Coptic Christian and other 6% |
| Languages: |
Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated
classes |
| Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 51.4%
male: 63.6%
female: 38.8% (1995 est.)
|
| Country
name: |
conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt
conventional short form: Egypt
local short form: Misr
former: United Arab Republic (with Syria)
local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah |
| Government
type: |
republic |
| Capital: |
Cairo |
| Administrative
divisions: |
26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah,
Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah,
Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah,
Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan,
Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina', Kafr ash Shaykh,
Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina', Suhaj |
| Independence: |
28 February 1922 (from UK) |
| National
holiday: |
Revolution Day, 23 July (1952) |
| Constitution: |
11 September 1971 |
| Legal
system: |
based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes;
judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees
validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations |
| Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal and compulsory |
| Executive
branch: |
chief of state: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since
14 October 1981)
head of government: Prime Minister Atef Mohammed ABEID
(since 5 October 1999)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president nominated by the People's Assembly
for a six-year term, the nomination must then be validated by
a national, popular referendum; national referendum last held
26 September 1999 (next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister
appointed by the president
election results: national referendum validated President
MUBARAK's nomination by the People's Assembly to a fourth term
|
| Legislative
branch: |
bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly or Majlis al-Sha'b
(454 seats; 444 elected by popular vote, 10 appointed by the president;
members serve five-year terms) and the Advisory Council or Majlis
al-Shura - which functions only in a consultative role (264 seats;
176 elected by popular vote, 88 appointed by the president; members
serve NA-year terms)
elections: People's Assembly - three-phase voting - last
held 19 October, 29 October, 8 November 2000 (next to be held
NA November 2005); Advisory Council - last held 7 June 1995 (next
to be held NA)
election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by
party - NDP 88%, independents 8%, opposition 4%; seats by party
- NDP 398, NWP 7, Tagammu 6, Nasserists 2, LSP 1, independents
38, undecided 2; Advisory Council - percent of vote by party -
NDP 99%, independents 1%; seats by party - NA |
| Judicial
branch: |
Supreme Constitutional Court |
| Political
parties and leaders: |
Nasserist Arab Democratic Party or Nasserists [Dia' al-din DAWUD];
National Democratic Party or NDP [President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK]
- governing party; National Progressive Unionist Grouping or Tagammu
[Khalid MUHI AL-DIN]; New Wafd Party or NWP [No'man GOMA]; Socialist
Liberal Party or LSP [leader NA]
note: formation of political parties must be approved by
the government |
| Political
pressure groups and leaders: |
despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties,
the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes MUBARAK's
potentially most significant political opposition; MUBARAK tolerated
limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two
terms, but moved more aggressively since then to block its influence;
civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained in practical
terms; trade unions and professional associations are officially
sanctioned |
| International
organization participation: |
ABEDA, ACC, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BSEC (observer), CAEU,
CCC, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS
(observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTAET,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
| Diplomatic
representation in the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador M. Nabil FAHMY
chancery: 3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, and San
Francisco
FAX: [1] (202) 244-4319
telephone: [1] (202) 895-5440 |
| Diplomatic
representation from the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador C. David WELCH
embassy: 5 Latin America St., Garden City, Cairo
mailing address: Unit 64900, Box 15, APO AE 09839-4900
telephone: [20] (2) 797-3300
FAX: [20] (2) 797-3200 |
| Flag
description: |
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with
the national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing
the hoist side above a scroll bearing the name of the country
in Arabic) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of
Yemen, which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag
of Syria, which has two green stars, and to the flag of Iraq,
which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a
horizontal line centered in the white band
|
| Economy
- overview: |
Egypt improved its macroeconomic performance throughout most of
the last decade by following IMF advice on fiscal, monetary, and
structural reform policies. As a result, Cairo managed to tame
inflation, slash budget deficits, and attract more foreign investment.
In the past three years, however, the pace of reform has slackened,
and excessive spending on national infrastructure projects has
widened budget deficits again. Lower foreign exchange earnings
since 1998 resulted in pressure on the Egyptian pound and periodic
dollar shortages. Monetary pressures have increased since 11 September
2001 because of declines in tourism, Suez canal tolls, and exports,
and Cairo has devalued the pound several times in the past year.
The development of a gas export market is a major bright spot
for future growth prospects. |
| GDP: |
purchasing power parity - $258 billion (2001 est.) |
| GDP
- real growth rate: |
2.5% (2001 est.) |
| GDP
- per capita: |
purchasing power parity - $3,700 (2001 est.) |
| GDP
- composition by sector: |
agriculture: 14%
industry: 30%
services: 56% (2001) |
| Population
below poverty line: |
23% (FY95/96 est.) |
| Household
income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 25% (1995) |
| Distribution
of family income - Gini index: |
29 (1995) |
| Inflation
rate (consumer prices): |
2.3% (2001) |
| Labor
force: |
20.6 million (2001 est.) |
| Labor
force - by occupation: |
agriculture 29%, industry 22%, services 49% (2000 est.) |
| Unemployment
rate: |
12% (2001 est.) |
| Budget: |
revenues: $21.5 billion
expenditures: $26.2 billion, including capital expenditures
of $5.9 billion (2001) |
| Industries: |
textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, hydrocarbons, construction,
cement, metals |
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
1.8% (2001 est.) |
| Electricity
- production: |
69.592 billion kWh (2000) |
| Electricity
- production by source: |
fossil fuel: 77%
hydro: 23%
other: 0% (2000)
nuclear: 0% |
| Electricity
- consumption: |
64.721 billion kWh (2000) |
| Electricity
- exports: |
0 kWh (2000) |
| Electricity
- imports: |
0 kWh (2000) |
| Agriculture
- products: |
cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle,
water buffalo, sheep, goats |
| Exports: |
$7.1 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.) |
| Exports
- commodities: |
crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products,
chemicals |
| Exports
- partners: |
EU 43% (Italy 18%, Germany 4%, UK 3.2%), US 15%, Middle East 11%,
Asian countries 9%, (2000) |
| Imports: |
$164 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.) |
| Imports
- commodities: |
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products,
fuels |
| Imports
- partners: |
EU 36% (Germany 8%, Italy 8%, France 6%), US 18%, Asian countries
13%, , Middle East 6% (2000) |
| Debt
- external: |
$29 billion (2001 est.) |
| Economic
aid - recipient: |
ODA, $2.25 billion (1999) |
| Currency: |
Egyptian pound (EGP) |
| Currency
code: |
EGP |
| Exchange
rates: |
Egyptian pounds per US dollar - market rate - 4.5000 (January
2002), 4.4900 (2001), 3.6900 (2000), 3.4050 (1999), 3.3880 (1998),
3.3880 (1997) |
| Fiscal
year: |
1 July - 30 June
|
| Telephones
- main lines in use: |
3,971,500 (December 1998) |
| Telephones
- mobile cellular: |
380,000 (1999) |
| Telephone
system: |
general assessment: large system; underwent extensive
upgrading during 1990s and is reasonably modern; Internet access
and cellular service are available
domestic: principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah,
Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave
radio relay
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat; 5 coaxial
submarine cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio
relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel and a signatory to
Project Oxygen (a global submarine fiber-optic cable system) |
| Radio
broadcast stations: |
AM 42 (plus 15 repeaters), FM 14, shortwave 3 (1999) |
| Radios: |
20.5 million (1997) |
| Television
broadcast stations: |
98 (September 1995) |
| Televisions: |
7.7 million (1997) |
| Internet
country code: |
.eg |
| Internet
Service Providers (ISPs): |
50 (2000) |
| Internet
users: |
600,000 (2002)
|
| Railways: |
total: 4,955 km
standard gauge: 4,955 km 1,435-m gauge (42 km electrified;
1,560 km double-track) (2000 est.) |
| Highways: |
total: 64,000 km
paved: 50,000 km
unpaved: 14,000 km (1996) |
| Waterways: |
3,500 km
note: including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo
Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in the delta; Suez Canal
(193.5 km including approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing
up to 16.1 m of water |
| Pipelines: |
crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460
km |
| Ports
and harbors: |
Alexandria, Al Ghardaqah, Aswan, Asyut, Bur Safajah, Damietta,
Marsa Matruh, Port Said, Suez |
| Merchant
marine: |
total: 175 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,331,186
GRT/1,987,964 DWT
ships by type: bulk 23, cargo 58, container 2, liquefied
gas 1, passenger 61, petroleum tanker 14, roll on/roll off 13,
short-sea passenger 3
note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here
as a flag of convenience:, Denmark 1, Germany 1, Greece 6, Lebanon
3, Monaco 1, Ukraine 1 (2002 est.) |
| Airports: |
92 (2001) |
| Airports
- with paved runways: |
total: 71
over 3,047 m: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 38
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 3 (2002)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 |
| Airports
- with unpaved runways: |
total: 18
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
under 914 m: 9 (2002)
914 to 1,523 m: 6 |
| Heliports: |
2 (2002)
|
|
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